Sources from Legends 84

  1. Aelian. On Animals. Translated by A. F. Scholfield. 1958. https://www.attalus.org/info/aelian.html. 

  2. “Akkorokamui” Yokai. https://yokai.com/akkorokamui/. 

  3. “Akugyo”. Yokai. https://yokai.com/akugyo/. 

  4. Benedict, Adam. “Folklore Profile: The Amikuk”. The Pine Barrens Institute. 8/18/2018. https://pinebarrensinstitute.com/cryptids/2018/8/18/cryptid-profile-the-amikuk. 

  5. Burton, Richard Francis, Sir, translator. The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night. Volume 6. The Burton Club, 1885. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3440/pg3440-images.html. 

  6. Chase, Owen. Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whaleship Essex. New York: The Lyons Press, 1999. 

  7. Costantino, Grace. “Five ‘Real’ Sea Monsters Brought to LIfe by Early Naturalists.” Smithsonian Magazine. 10/27/2014. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/five-real-sea-monsters-brought-life-early-naturalists-180953155/. 

  8. Costantino, Grace. “A Whale of a Tale…The Leviathan.” Biodiversity Heritage Library Blog. 10/28/2014. https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2014/10/a-whale-of-talethe-leviathan.html. 

  9. Coxon, Rebecca. “The Real Moby Dick: Do Whales Really Attack Humans?”. BBC. 12/20/2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25430996. 

  10. Denson, Ryan. “Divine Nature and the Natural Divine: The Marine Folklore of Pliny the Elder.” Green Letters: Studies in Ecocriticism 25, n. 2 (2021): 143-54. 

  11. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Maldives”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Updated 8/13/2025. https://www.britannica.com/place/Maldives. 

  12. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Sindbad the Sailor”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sindbad-the-Sailor.  

  13. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Sperm Whale”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Updated 8/1/2025. https://www.britannica.com/animal/sperm-whale. 

  14. Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “The Thousand and One Nights”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Updated 7/15/2025. https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Thousand-and-One-Nights. 

  15. Faiella, Graham. “Leviathan’s Revenge: Whales that Attacked Ships”. The History Press. 1/27/2022. https://thehistorypress.co.uk/article/leviathans-revenge-whales-that-attacked-ships/. 

  16. Fienup-Riordan, Ann. Boundaries and Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup’ik Eskimo Oral Tradition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. 

  17. Gale, Alexander. “The Giant Whale that Terrorized Constantinople”. Greek Reporter. 7/31/2025. https://greekreporter.com/2025/07/31/whale-constantinople/. 

  18. Heffernan, Thomas Farel. Stove by a Whale: Owen Chase and the Essex. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1990. 

  19. Henry, Thomas R. The White Continent: The Story of Antarctica. New York: William Sloane Associates, 1950. 

  20. Hill, Erica. “The Nonempirical Past: Enculturated Landscapes and Other-than-Human Person in Southwest Alaska.” Arctic Anthropology 49, n 2 (2012): 41-57. 

  21. Hoh, Anchi. “The Seven Voyages of Sindbad the Sailor. Library of Congress Blogs. 8/14/2017. https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2017/08/the-seven-voyages-of-sindbad-the-sailor/. 

  22. Hornaday, Walter C. “Remarkable Fish, ‘Pelorus Jack,’ Pilots Ships Through Dangerous New Zealand Waters.” The Evening Star. 7/5/1914. Page 43. https://www.newspapers.com/image/332105736/?match=1&terms=%22pelorus%20jack%22. 

  23. Ibn Batūta. The Travels of Ibn Batūta. Translated by Samuel Lee. London: Oriental Translation Committee, 1829. https://archive.org/details/b28406084/page/n10/mode/1up?q=barakat. 

  24. Jøn, A. Asbjørn. “The Road and the Taniwha.” Australian Folklore 22 (Jan 2007): 85-

  25. Keane, Basil. “Story: Taniwha”. Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand.  https://teara.govt.nz/en/taniwha. 

    1. Several sub-pages are linked from this main page. Above, i simply cite the main page to keep it from becoming very confusing, but various quotes come from different sub-pages 

  26. Keane, Basil. “Story: Traditional Māori Religion – Ngā karakia a te Māori”. Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4/10/2013. https://teara.govt.nz/en/traditional-maori-religion-nga-karakia-a-te-maori/page-3.  

  27. “Killer Whale Attacks: How Often Do They Attack Humans?” Whale Facts. https://www.whalefacts.org/killer-whale-attacks/. 

  28. King, Gilbert. “The True-Life Horror that Inspired ‘Moby-Dick’”. Smithsonian Magazine. 3/1/2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-true-life-horror-that-inspired-moby-dick-17576/. 

  29. King, Gilbert. “Sacrifice Amid the Ice: Facing Facts on the Scott Expedition.” Smithsonian Magazine. 5/16/2012. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/sacrifice-amid-the-ice-facing-facts-on-the-scott-expedition-96367423/. 

  30. Larson, Laurence Marcellus, translator. The Kings Mirror (Speculum regale–Konungs Skuggsja). New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1917. 

  31. Lawson, Will. “Pelorus Jack: A Complete History of the Wonderful Pilot Fish of New Zealand”. Pacific Marine Review: The National Magazine of Shipping 21 (September 1924): 459, 466. 

  32. Maniku, Hassan Ahmed. “Conversion of Maldives to Islam”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Sri Lanka Branch New Series 31 (1986/87): 72-81. 

  33. Margaritoff, Marco. “What is a Kraken, the Frightening Sea Monster from Scandinavian Lore?”. All That Is Interesting. 5/13/2024. Edited by Jaclyn Anglis. https://allthatsinteresting.com/kraken. 

  34. McNamara, Gerard, translator. The Voyage of Saint Brendan the Navigator. 2013. 

  35. Mohamed, Naseema. “Pre-Islamic Maldives”. Man and Environment Journal of the Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies 27, n. 1 (Jan-June 2002). Accessed here: https://twothousandisles.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/pre-islamic-maldives.pdf

    1. NOTE: page numbers in outline correspond to those given in the above-linked pdf, which i don’t think necessarily correspond to the page numbers in the journal itself. I could not get access to the journal itself. 

  36. “The Myth of the Kraken”. The Archaeologist. 3/10/2025. https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/the-myth-of-the-kraken. 

  37. Nelson, Edward William. The Eskimo About Bering Strait. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900. 

  38. Nigg, Joseph. Sea Monsters: A Voyage Around the World’s Most Beguiling Map. Kindle Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. 

  39. NOAA. “Was Moby Dick a Real Whale?”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 6/16/24. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/mobydick.html. 

  40. Orbell, Margaret Rose. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Māori Myth and Legend. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 1995. 

  41. Pliny the Elder. Natural History: Books 8-11. Translated by H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library 353. 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983. 

  42. Pontoppidan, Erich. The Natural History of Norway: Containing a particular and accurate Account of the Temperature of the Air, the different Soils, Waters, Vegetables, Metals, Minerals, Stones, Beasts, Birds, and Fishes; together with the Dispositions, Customs, and Manner of LIving of the Inhabitants: Interspersed with Physiological Notes from eminent Writers, and Transactions of Academies. In Two Parts. Translated from the Danish Original. London: 1755. 

  43. Procopius. History of the Wars, Books VI.16-VII.35. Translated by H. B. Dewing. Loeb Classical Library 173. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1924. 

  44. Reed, A. W. Maori Myth and Legend. Auckland: Reed Books, 1988. 

  45. Romero-Frias, Xavier. Folk Tales of the Maldives. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press, 2012. https://archive.org/details/maldivianoldfolkstories/page/n4/mode/1up. 

  46. Rose, Carol. Giants, Monsters & Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. 

  47. Royal, Charles. “First Peoples in Māori Tradition – Kupe”. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 9/22/2012. https://teara.govt.nz/en/first-peoples-in-maori-tradition/page-6. 

  48. Smith, Stephanie Honchell. “Sufis, Sea Monsters, and Miraculous Circumcisions: Conversion Narratives and Popular Memories of Islamization in Asia.” World History Connected 16, n. 3 (2019). https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/16.3/smith.html#_ednref13. 

  49. Stagnaro, Angelo. “St. Brendan and the Original Big Fish Story.” National Catholic Register. 5/21/2017. https://www.ncregister.com/blog/st-brendan-and-the-original-big-fish-story. 

  50. Tikkanen, Amy. “Essex”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essex-whaling-ship. 

  51. “Whales and Hunting”. New Bedford Whaling Museum. https://www.whalingmuseum.org/research/research-resources/whaling-history/whales-and-hunting/. 

  52. Waugh, Arthur, Sir. “The Folklore of the Whale”. Folklore 72, n. 2 (June 1961): 361-371. 

  53. Williamson, Jonathan. “Hafgufa: the Sea Monster that Bridged Norse Legends and Scientific Observations”. The Viking Herald. 3/3/2014. https://thevikingherald.com/article/hafgufa-the-sea-monster-that-bridged-norse-legends-and-scientific-observations/643.