Sources from Legends 82

  1. Adler, Shelley R. Sleep Paralysis: Night-Mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2011. https://archive.org/details/sleep_paralysis_night-mares_nocebos_mind-body_connection/page/n4/mode/1up. 

  2. Adler, Shelley R. “Terror in Transition: Hmong Folk Belief in America”. In Out of the Ordinary: Folklore and the Supernatural. Edited by Barbara Walker. 180-202. Logan: Utah State University Press, 1995. 

  3. Andersen, Hans Christian. “Ole Lukoie”. Translated by Jean Hersholt. H. C. Andersen Centret. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327124401/http:/www.andersen.sdu.dk/vaerk/hersholt/OleLukoie_e.html. 

  4. Ben-Amos, Dan. “From Eden to Ednah–Lilith in the Garden,” Biblical Archaeology Review 42.3 (2016):54-58, 65. 

  5. Briggs, Robin. “Witch 197, Claudatte and Dieudonnée Henry.” Lorraine Witchcraft Trials. https://witchcraft.history.ox.ac.uk/pdf/w197.pdf. 

  6. Briggs, Robin. “Witch 202, Penthecoste Miette”. Lorraine Witchcraft Trials. https://witchcraft.history.ox.ac.uk/pdf/w202.pdf. 

  7. Briggs, Robin. “Witch 260, Jennon Ydoulx”. Lorraine Witchcraft Trials. https://witchcraft.history.ox.ac.uk/pdf/w260.pdf.

  8. Briggs, Robin. Witches & Neighbors: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. 

  9. Briggs, Robin. “Witchcraft and Popular Mentality in Lorraine, 1580-1630”. In Occult and Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance. Edited by Brian Vickers. 337-349. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 

  10. Briggs, Robin. The Witches of Lorraine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 

  11. Cox, Ann M. “Sleep Paralysis and Folklore”. JRSM Open 6, n. 7 (July 2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/2054270415598091.

  12. Davies, Owen. “The Nightmare Experience, Sleep Paralysis, and Witchcraft Accusations”. Folklore 114, n. 2 (Aug 2003): 181-203. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30035099. 

  13. Diemerbroeck, Ysbrand van. "The anatomy of human bodies, comprehending the most modern discoveries and curiosities in that art to which is added a particular treatise of the small-pox & measles : together with several practical observations and experienced cures ... / written in Latin by Ijsbrand de Diemerbroeck ... ; translated from the last and most correct and full edition of the same, by William Salmon ..." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A35961.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections.

  14. Edwards, Kathryn A., editor. Werewolves, Witches, and Wandering Spirits: Traditional Belief & Folklore in Early Modern Europe. Kirksville: Truman State University Press, 2002. https://archive.org/details/werewolveswitche00kath/page/12/mode/2up?q=bed

  15. Gaines, Janet Howe. “Lilith: Seductress, Heroine or Murderer?”. Bible Archaeology Society. 7/3/2025. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/lilith/. 

  16. H., Sian. “12 Curious Canadian Folklore Stories of Myths, Monsters, and Secrets You’ve Never Heard.” Mythfolks. 10/25/2024. https://www.mythfolks.com/canadian-folklore#le-bonhomme-sept-heures. 

  17. Hoffmann, E.T.A. “The Sandman”. Translated by John Oxenford. Virginia Commonwealth University. https://archive.vcu.edu/germanstories/hoffmann/sand_e.html. 

  18. Jaffray, Sarah. “The Cures and Demons of Sleep Paralysis”. Wellcome Collection. 5/11/2016. https://wellcomecollection.org/stories/sleep-paralysis-a-brief-history-of-fear-treatment-and-artistic-creativity. 

  19. Jalal, Baland, et al. “Beliefs About Sleep Paralysis in Turkey: Karabasan attack”. Transcultural Psychiatry 58, n. 3 (2021): 414-426. 

  20. Jalal, Baland, et al. “Sleep Paralysis in Italy: Frequency, Hallucinatory Experiences, and Other Features”. Transcultural Psychiatry 58, n. 3 (March 31, 2020): 427-439. 

  21. Kompanje, E. J. O. “‘The Devil Lay Upon Her and Held Her Down’: Hypnagogic Hallucinations and Sleep Paralysis Described by the Dutch Physician Isbrand van Diemerbroeck (1609-1674) in 1664”. Journal of Sleep Research 27 (2008): 464-467. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2869.2008.00672.X. 

  22. Lashkow, Sarah. “The Original ‘Nightmare’ was a Demon that Sat on Your Chest and Suffocated You.” Atlas Obscura. 10/23/2017. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/original-nightmare-demon-suffocation-night-terror. 

  23. Lee, Star. “Unexplained Deaths Inspried a Nightmare on Elm Street”. Hmong American Experience. 10/31/2022. https://hmongamerican.org/unexplained-deaths-inspired-a-nightmare-on-elm-street/. 

  24. "Lorraine, Duchy of ." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lorraine-duchy.

  25. Mather, Cotton. The Wonders of the Invisible World. Being an Account of the Tryals of Several Witches Lately Executed in New-England. London: John Russel Smith, 1862. https://archive.org/details/wondersinvisibl00mathgoog/page/n10/mode/2up?q=martin. 

  26. McNeil, Megan. “Sleep Myths: The Sandman”. Sleepopolis. 7/27/2023. https://sleepopolis.com/education/sleep-myths-the-sandman/. 

  27. Mythfolks. “Pisadeira: A Creature of Nightmares (and a Cautionary Tale about Overeating) from Brazilian Folklore.” Mythfolks. 12/4/2024. https://www.mythfolks.com/la-pisadeira. 

  28. NeuroLaunch Editorial Team. “Sleep Paralysis and the Hag Phenomenon: Exploring Night Terrors and Cultural Myths”. NeuroLaunch. 8/26/2024. https://neurolaunch.com/the-hag-sleep-paralysis/. 

  29. Norman, Mark, and Tracey Norman. Dark Folklore. Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2021. Accessed via: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dark_Folklore/q3EyEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=narcolepsy+folklore&pg=PT26&printsec=frontcover. 

  30. Olunu, Esther, et al. “Sleep Paralysis, A Medical Condition with a Diverse Cultural Interpretation”.  International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research 8, n. 3 (July-Sept 2018): 137-142. DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_19_18. 

  31. Ortega, Kassandra. “Demonolatry and Lorraine: Witch Trials of the Late Sixteenth Century.” The UCSB Undergraduate Journal of History 1, n. 1 (Spring 2021): 109-123. https://live-undergradjournal-history-ucsb-edu-v01.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Ortega.2021..pdf. 

  32. R. de Sá, José, and Sérgio A Mota-Rolim. “Sleep Paralysis in Brazilian Folklore and Other Cultures: A Brief Review”. Frontiers in Psychology 7, n. 1294 (Sept 2016): 1-8). DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01294. 

  33. Sauter, Megan. “Lilith in the Bible and Mythology”. Biblical Archaeology Society. 8/15/2024. 

  34. “The Seven O’Clock Man: The French-Canadian Bogeyman”. Strange New England. 7/18/2015. https://strangenewengland.com/2015/07/18/7-oclock-man-bogeyman-maine/. 

  35. Sharpless, Brian, and Karl Doghramji. Sleep Paralysis: Historical, Psychological, and Medical Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. 

  36. Shields, Jesslyn. “Who Is the Sandman?” How Stuff Works. 7/12/2024. https://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/who-is-sandman.htm. 

  37. “Superstitions in Newfoundland”. The Journal of American Folklore 9, n. 24 (July - Sept. 18960: 222-223. https://www.jstor.org/stable/533410?origin=crossref&seq=1.

  38. Wing, Yun-Kwok, et al. “Sleep Paralysis in Chinese: Ghost Oppression Phenomenon in Hong Kong”. Sleep 17, n. 7 (1994): 609-613. 

  39. Yoshimura, Ayako. “To Believe and Not to Believe: A Native Ethnography of Kanashibari in Japan”. The Journal of American Folklore 128, n 508 (Spring 2015): 146-148).