Sources from Lore 298

  1. “1930’s Coin Operated Working Model - The Abbot's Treasure.” YouTube, uploaded by The Vintage Amusement Channel. February 27, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMpU-QTC3Kc  

  2. “1930’s Coin Operated Working Model - Murder In The Museum.” YouTube, uploaded by The Vintage Amusement Channel. February 27, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HCTi7zLWto 

  3. “Alma in the work of Oskar Kokoschka.” Alma Mahler on Stage. [n.d.] https://www.alma-mahler.at/engl/almas_life/alma_im_werk_kokoschkas.html 

  4. Anderson, Jocelyn. “Tipu’s Tiger.” Smarthistory. August 21, 2017. https://smarthistory.org/tipus-tiger/ 

  5. Andrews, Evan. “7 Early Robots and Automatons.” History. May 27, 2025. https://www.history.com/articles/7-early-robots-and-automatons 

  6. Andrews, Evan. “How a Phony 18th-Century Chess Robot Fooled the World.” History. May 27, 2025. https://www.history.com/articles/how-a-phony-18th-century-chess-robot-fooled-the-world 

  7. “Automatic Flute Player (9th Century).” History Mesh. [n.d.] http://historymesh.com/object/automatic-flute-player/?story=automatons 

  8. “automaton.” Britannica. March 10, 2025. https://www.britannica.com/technology/automaton 

  9. “Automaton friar in action.” YouTube, uploaded by National Museum of American History. October 30, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kie96iRTq5M 

  10. “Automaton of a Friar.” National Museum of American History. [n.d.] https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_855351 

  11. Berryman, Sylvia. “Ancient Automata and Mechanical Explanation.” Phronesis 48(4), 2003: pp. 344-369.

  12. Brett, Gerard. “The Automata in the Byzantine ‘Throne of Solomon.’” Speculum 29(3), July 1954: pp. 477-487.

  13. Black, Annetta. “Canard Digérateur de Vaucanson (Vaucanson's Digesting Duck).” Atlas Obscura. January 30, 2010. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/canard-digerateur-de-vaucanson-vaucansons-digesting-duck 

  14. Blakemore, Erin. “This Robotic Silver Swan Has Fascinated Fans for Nearly 250 Years.” Smithsonian Magazine. February 3, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/robotic-silver-swan-has-fascinated-fans-nearly-250-years-180962024/ 

  15. Brassaï. The Artists of My Life (The Viking Press, 1982).

  16. Brune, Adrian. “England's Unusual Boardwalk Fun.” Letter from a London Pub. March 8, 2023. https://londonletter.substack.com/p/englands-unusual-boardwalk-fun 

  17. “Canard Digérateur.” Vimeo, uploaded by doug goodwin. September 12, 2010. https://vimeo.com/14904318 

  18. Chakraborty, Rohit. “May I Borrow The Tiger Please?” Cherwell. May 21, 2018. https://cherwell.org/2018/05/21/may-i-borrow-the-tiger-please/ 

  19. Cuervo, Maria J. Pérez. “Brazen Heads: The Curious Legend Behind Fortune-Telling Automata.” Mental Floss. December 1, 2017. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/502537/brazen-heads-curious-legend-behind-fortune-telling-automata 

  20. Dalakov, Georgi. “Ctesibius of Alexandria – 280 BC.” Computer Timeline. [n.d.] http://www.computer-timeline.com/timeline/ctesibius-of-alexandria/ 

  21. Dalakov, Georgi. “Pierre Jaquet-Droz.” Computer Timeline. [n.d.] http://www.computer-timeline.com/timeline/pierre-jaquet-droz/ 

  22. Davis, Lauren. “This 450-year-old clockwork monk is fully operational.” Gizmodo. November 3, 2012. https://gizmodo.com/this-450-year-old-clockwork-monk-is-fully-operational-5956937 

  23. Defoe, Daniel. A Journal of the Plague Year (George Routledge and Sons, 1886).

  24. Dukes, Hunter. “Oskar Kokoschka, Hermine Moos, and the Alma Mahler Doll.” The Public Domain Review. April 22, 2025. https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/alma-mahler-doll/ 

  25. Elliott, Jenny. “How Three Sisters Revolutionized England’s Penny Arcades.” Atlas Obscura. July 23, 2024. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/penny-arcade-dennison-sisters 

  26. “The English Execution: a coin operated automata or ‘working model’ machine.” Bonhams. [n.d.] https://www.bonhams.com/auction/30381/lot/138/the-english-execution-a-coin-operated-automata-or-working-model-machine-made-by-charles-ahrens-circa-1920s/ 

  27. “The English Execution Musée Mécanique Fisherman’s Wharf San Francisco California.” YouTube, uploaded by kevinsyoza. October 31, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGTZpzuTTiA 

  28. “Famous Automatons and Their Rich History.” M.S. Rau. June 11, 2021. https://rauantiques.com/blogs/canvases-carats-and-curiosities/automatons-and-their-rich-history?srsltid=AfmBOopxYV3bfQXH5GRe6g__duAathyVe8d6N5rUuuiDOeEUBSugLk1N 

  29. The Famous Historie of Fryer Bacon (G. Purslowe, 1627).

  30. “February 11, 1738: Jacques de Vaucanson Exhibits Flute-playing Automaton.” APS News. February 1, 2018. https://www.aps.org/apsnews/2018/02/vaucanson-flute-playing-automaton 

  31. Fennell, Mark, and Nick Wiggins. “The tiger king and the stuff the British stole.” ABC Radio National. November 22, 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-23/tipus-tiger-india-history-stuff-the-british-stole/12785512 

  32. Flanagan, Dan. “John K. Mitchell’s Automaton Chess Player.” Jefferson Alumni Magazine. June 23, 2022. https://magazine.jefferson.edu/issues/summer-2022/automaton-chess-player.html 

  33. Forster, Jack. “Watches, Automatons, ‘Soul,’ And The Digesting Duck Of Jacques de Vaucanson.” Hodinkee. May 10, 2016. https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/watches-automatons-soul-and-the-digesting-duck-of-jacques-de-vaucanson 

  34. Giannuzzi, Sofia. “Was Talos, the Bronze Automaton Who Guarded the Island of Crete in Greek Myth, an Early Example of Artificial Intelligence?” Smithsonian Magazine. April 22, 2025. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/was-talos-the-bronze-automaton-who-guarded-the-island-of-crete-in-greek-myth-an-early-example-of-artificial-intelligence-180986467/ 

  35. Goldscheider, Ludwig. “Oskar Kokoschka.” Britannica. February 25, 2025. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oskar-Kokoschka 

  36. “The History of Automata.” The MAD Museum. [n.d.] https://themadmuseum.co.uk/history-of-automata/ 

  37. Hunkin, Tim. “Coin Operated Working Models.” The Under the Pier Show. [n.d.] https://www.underthepier.com/22_working%20models.htm

  38. “The hydraulic automaton of the ‘chirping birds’ and of the ‘returning owl’ (3rd c. B.C.) – An exceptional automatism of repetitive spectacle with motion and sound production.” Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology. [n.d.] https://kotsanas.com/en/the-hydraulic-automaton-of-the-chirping-birds-and-of-the-returning-owl-3rd-c-b-c-an-exceptional-automatism-of-repetitive-spectacle-with-motion-and-sound-prod/ 

  39. Jaffe, Eric. “Old World, High Tech.” Smithsonian Magazine. December 2006. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/old-world-high-tech-141284744/ 

  40. “The Jaquet-Droz Automata.” Neuchâtel Museum of Art and History. [n.d.] https://www.mahn.ch/en/expositions/automates-jaquet-droz 

  41. “Jaquet Droz_The Draughtsman.” YouTube, uploaded by Spiral Magazine游絲腕表雜誌. July 31, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvFnFJp3iw4 

  42. “Jaquet Droz The Writer Automaton From 1774 In Action: Inspired Hugo Movie.” YouTube, uploaded by aBlogtoWatch. June 22, 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ux2KW20nqHU 

  43. “John Dennison's Penny Arcade Machines.” My Learning. [n.d.] https://www.mylearning.org/stories/penny-arcade-machines_/1583?# 

  44. King, Elizabeth. “Clockwork Prayer: A Sixteenth-Century Mechanical Monk.” Blackbird. Spring 2002. https://blackbird-archive.vcu.edu/v1n1/nonfiction/king_e/prayer_introduction.htm 

  45. Koné, Christophe. Uncanny Creatures: Doll Thinking in Modern German Culture (University of Michigan Press, 2024).

  46. “Leeds nostalgia: Abbey House's penny slot machines.” Yorkshire Evening Post. December 6, 2016. https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/leeds-nostalgia-abbey-houses-penny-slot-machines-611140 

  47. Mangan, Michael. Performing Dark Arts: A Cultural History of Conjuring (Intellect Books, 2007).

  48. McGreevy, Nora. “Archaeologists Map Ruins of Karakorum, Capital of the Mongol Empire, for the First Time.” Smithsonian Magazine. November 5, 2021. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-map-capital-of-mongolian-empire-for-the-first-time-180979007/ 

  49. “Mechanical miracles: The rise of the automaton.” Christie’s. August 19, 2015. https://www.christies.com/en/stories/the-history-of-the-automaton-mechanical-miracles-191ab3c1b3c94bde9118321e83ae9537 

  50. Metzner, Paul. Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution (University of California Press, 1998).

  51. Mindel, Nissan. “King Solomon's Throne.” Chabad.org. [n.d.] https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1345/jewish/King-Solomons-Throne.htm 

  52. Mingren, Wu. “Karakorum: A Silver Tree and Other Unique Elements of a 13th Century Mongol Capital.” Ancient Origins. October 10, 2018. https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/karakorum-0010820 

  53. Mitchell, S.W. “The Automaton Chess Player.” The Chess World, Vol IV, 1869: pp. 1-4, 41-45. 

  54. Moran, Michael E. “Jacques de Vaucanson: The Father of Simulation.” Journal of Endourology 21(7), July 2007: pp. 679-683.

  55. Morton, Ella. “Object of Intrigue: The Turk, a Mechanical Chess Player that Unsettled the World.” Atlas Obscura. August 18, 2015. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/object-of-intrigue-the-turk 

  56. Nichols, Chelsea. “Tipu’s Tiger.” The Museum of Ridiculously Interesting Things. July 23, 2013. https://ridiculouslyinteresting.com/2013/07/23/tipus-tiger/ 

  57. Norman, Jeremy M. “Automata Invented by Heron of Alexandria.” HistoryofInformation.com. [n.d.] https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=10

  58. Norman, Jeremy M. “Edgar Allan Poe Explains the Operation of von Kempelen's Turk, Comparing it to Babbage's Difference Engine No. 1.” [n.d.] https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=5307 

  59. Norman, Jeremy M. “The Jacquet-Droz Automata.” HistoryofInformation.com. [n.d.] https://historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3891 

  60. Ord-Hume, Arthur W.J.G. “Tipu’s Tiger - Its History and Description.” Music & Automata 3(9), February 1987: pp. 21-31.

  61. Peck, Michael. “The Impossible Bleeding Man: On the History and Mythology of Artificial Life.” Electric Lit. June 3, 2016. https://electricliterature.com/the-impossible-bleeding-man-on-the-history-and-mythology-of-artificial-life/

  62. Price, Derek J. de Solla. “Automata and the Origins of Mechanism and Mechanistic Philosophy.” Technology and Culture 5(1), Winter 1964: pp. 9-23.

  63. Rice, D.S. “A Drawing of the Fatimid Period.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 21(1/3), 1958: pp. 31-39.

  64. Rotaru, Leo. “The Silver Swan Story.” The Bowes Museum Blog. January 30, 2019. https://thebowesmuseum.org.uk/the-silver-swan-story/ 

  65. Rubruck, William of, trans. William Woodville Rockhill. The Journey of William of Rudbruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55 (Asian Educational Services, 1998).

  66. “Saint Diego de Alcalá.” Find a Grave. [n.d.] https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/137281459/diego-de_alcalá 

  67. “The Silver Swan at The Bowes Museum.” YouTube, uploaded by Stephen Allport. February 16, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM8uCsd_N0s 

  68. Soth, Amelia. “The Marvelous Automata of Antiquity.” JSTOR Daily. June 7, 2018. https://daily.jstor.org/the-marvelous-automata-of-antiquity/ 

  69. “‘St. Dennistoun Mortuary’ Coin-Operated Automaton.” Bonhams Skinner. [n.d.] https://www.skinnerinc.com/auctions/2600M/lots/207 

  70. “‘St. Dennistoun Mortuary’ Coin-Operated Automaton, Attributed to Leonard Lee, c. 1900, Skinner Auctioneers, June 2, 2012.” Morbid Anatomy. May 15, 2012. https://morbidanatomy.blogspot.com/2012/05/st-dennistoun-mortuary-coin-operated.html 

  71. Stamp, Jimmy. “A Brief History of Robot Birds.” Smithsonian Magazine. May 22, 2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-robot-birds-77235415/

  72. Stein, Sadie. “My Fair Lady.” The Paris Review. February 17, 2015. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2015/02/17/my-fair-lady/ 

  73. Stronge, Susan. Tipu’s Tigers (V&A Publishing, 2009).

  74. Tatum, Jeffrey W. “Mark Antony's Oration at Caesar's Funeral.” World History Encyclopedia. February 12, 2024. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2372/mark-antonys-oration-at-caesars-funeral/ 

  75. “Tippoo’s Tiger.” Victoria and Albert Museum. [n.d.] https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/tipus-tiger 

  76. “Tipu’s Tiger.” Vimeo, uploaded by Six to Start. January 25, 2010. https://vimeo.com/8973957 

  77. “A Tragic Love Affair Oskar Kokoschka and Alma Mahler.” Artis—Naples. [n.d.] https://artisnaples.org/baker-museum/exhibitions/2016-17/tragic-love-affair 

  78. Truitt, E.R. Medieval Robots: Mechanism, Magic, Nature, and Art (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015).

  79. Truitt, E.R. “Surveillance, Companionship, and Entertainment: The Ancient History of Intelligent Machines.” The MIT Press Reader. November 24, 2021. https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-ancient-history-of-intelligent-machines/ 

  80. Tucker, Abigail. “Genghis Khan’s Treasures.” Smithsonian Magazine. March 24, 2009. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/genghis-khans-treasures-118867438/ 

  81. Twain, Mark. The Innocents Abroad (Hippocrene Books, 1989).

  82. Whitlow, Simone. “Guillaume Boucher and the Fountain of Karakorum.” Tales of History and Imagination. October 23, 2019. https://historyandimagination.com/2019/10/23/guillaume-boucher-and-the-fountain-of-karakorum/ 

  83. Wilson, Brianna. “Karakorum: Mongolia’s ancient capital is a cultural delight.” CNN Travel. May 15, 2023. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/karakorum-mongolia-ancient-capital 

  84. Wolsing, Ivo. “Robots at a medieval court: The automata of tenth-century Baghdad and Constantinople.” Leiden Medievalists Blog. September 15, 2023. https://www.leidenmedievalistsblog.nl/articles/robots-at-a-medieval-court-the-automata-of-tenth-century-baghdad-and-constantinople