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  3. “Charles Fort.” Heritage Ireland. https://heritageireland.ie/places-to-visit/charles-fort-national-monument/

  4. “Charles Fort.” Spirited Isle, https://spiritedisle.ie/explore-listing/charles-fort

  5. Dawson, David. “Dead When Wed: Ghost Marriages in China.” The World of Chinese, September 3, 2015, https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2015/09/dead-when-wed-ghost-marriages-in-china/

  6. Dunne, John. A Ghost Watcher’s Guide to Ireland. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company, 2001.

  7. Fadlalla, Dr. Modhammad. Customary Laws in Southern Sudan. New York: iUniverse, Inc, 2009.

  8. “Farmer Loses Round in ‘Ghost Bride’ Suit.” Wilkes-Barre Times Leader. November 8, 1927, https://www.newspapers.com/image/395393634/?terms=%22ghost%20bride%22&match=1

  9. “Farmer Tells of His Ghost Bride.” The Boston Globe. November 4, 1927, https://www.newspapers.com/image/430580380/?terms=%22ghost%20bride%22&match=1

  10.  “Fatal and Melancholy Affair.” Alexandria Gazette. June 29, 1868, https://www.newspapers.com/image/347341294/?terms=%22Laura%20Schafer%22&match=1

  11. Gwyndaf, Robin. Welsh Folk Tales. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales, 1999.

  12. Hartsell, Mark. “Tom Thumb’s Wedding Cake…Still At The Library, 150 Years Later.” Library of Congress. August 16, 2022, https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2022/08/tom-thumbs-wedding-cake-still-at-the-library-of-congress-159-years-later

  13. “Haunted Facts About Grand Galvez.” Grand Galvez Hotel, https://grandgalvez.com/ghost-tours/#popup-ghost

  14. “History of Nant Gwrtheyrn.” nantgwrtheyrn.org, https://nantgwrtheyrn.org/about-nant/history/.

  15. Hparkins. “A wedding gift for (history) lovers.” National Archives: Pieces of History. July 1, 2013. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2013/07/01/a-wedding-gift-for-history-lovers/

  16. Jankowski, Nicole. “Eat Now or Forever Hold Your Piece: The Layered History of the Wedding Cake.” NPR. April 18, 2017, https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/04/18/523787236/eat-now-or-forever-hold-your-piece-the-layered-history-of-wedding-cake.

  17. Jordan, David K. “Two Forms of Spiritual Marriage in Taiwan.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 127.

  18. Jugel, Charles. The Tale Book: First Series. Germany: Frankfort O.M., 1837.

  19. Kellem, Betsy Golden. “Really Old Wedding Cake.” Drinks With Dead People. August 20, 2021. https://drinkswithdeadpeople.com/2021/08/really-old-wedding-cake/.

  20. Klein, Eric. “A Brief History of Marriage and ‘Until Death Do Us Part.’” kleinattorneys.com, January 3, 2022, https://www.kleinattorneys.com/a-brief-history-of-marriage-and-until-death-do-us-part/.

  21. Lianzhang, Wang. “Woman Sedated and Sold as Ghost Bride Wakes Before Burial.” Sixth Tone, June 23, 2017, https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1000384.

  22. Maca, Kathleen. A History of the Hotel Galvez. Charleston: The History Press, 2021.

  23. “Married A Spook — Now Sues the Medium Matchmaker.” The San Francisco Examiner. July 10, 1927, https://www.newspapers.com/image/458157827/?terms=%22ghost%20bride%22&match=1

  24. “Married to a Spook. Wealthy Widow Becomes a Ghost’s Bride.” The Senator Daily Free Press,  September 7, 1894, https://www.newspapers.com/image/543353387/?terms=%22ghost%20bride%22&match=1

  25. Martin, Diana. “Chinese Ghost Marriage.” The University of Oxford Anthropology. Assumed 1980, https://www.anthro.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/anthro/documents/media/jasoop8_1991_25_43.pdf

  26. McComb, Lee. “The Lady in White of Vallecitos.” November 3, 2012, https://juliantrek.com/2012/11/03/the-lady-in-white-of-vallecitos/

  27. “Our Grand History.” Grand Galvez Hotel. https://grandgalvez.com/history/.

  28. “Rhys A Meinir.” nantgwrtheyrn.org, https://nantgwrtheyrn.org/about-nant/history/folktales/rhysameinir/

  29. Rogers, Samuel. “Ginevra,” in Italy, A Poem. London: Longburn, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1822. 123-130.

  30. Schattschneider, Ellen. “‘Buy Me A Bride’: Death and Exchange in Northern Japanese Bride-Doll Marriage.” American Ethnologist. Vol. 28., No. 4, November, 2001, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3094938.

  31. Schwartze, Lucas J. “Grave Vows: A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Varying Forms of Ghost Marriage among Five Societies.” University of Nebraska Department of Anthropology. 2010.

  32. Seymour, John. True Irish Ghost Stories. eBook, Start Publishing, LLC, 2012.

  33. Sir Carleton. “Sir Turlough, or the Churchyard Bride.” In The Ballads of Ireland, Vol. II. Edinburgh: Fullarton and Macnab, 1857.

  34. Stewart, Claire. As Long As We Both Shall Eat: A History of Wedding Food and Feasts, London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.

  35.  “The Haunting of Chute de la Dame Blanche.” Moon Mausoleum. December 2, 2020, https://moonmausoleum.com/the-hauntings-of-the-chute-de-la-dame-blanche/

  36. “The White Lady of Kinsale: A Haunting Irish Tale of True Love Ending in Sorrow.” Ancient Origins. Updated March 10, 2019, https://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/white-lady-kinsale-0011598

  37. Topley, Marjorie. Cantonese Society in Hong Kong and Singapore: Gender, Religion, Medicine and Money. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2011.

  38. “Vallecito’s Ghost Bride.” Oakland Tribune. December 9, 1934, https://www.newspapers.com/image/143035367/?terms=%22ghost%20bride%22&match=1

  39. “Who is Jizo?” Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. Fall 2021, https://tricycle.org/magazine/who-is-jizo/

  40. Wilson, Carol. “Wedding Cake: A Slice of History.” Gastronomica. Vol 5, No. 2 (Spring 2005).

  41. Zhang, Phoebe. “China’s ‘ghost marriages’ see dead dug up for macabre marriages despite government crackdowns.” South China Morning Post. November 27, 2021, https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/social-welfare/article/3157492/explainer-chinas-ghost-marriages-still-see-dead

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  2. “About the Boston Athenæum.” Boston Athenæum. Accessed December 22, 2023. https://bostonathenaeum.org/about

  3. Allen, James, and Charles Lincoln. Narrative of the life of James Allen, alias George Walton, alias Jonas Pierce, alias James H. York, alias Burley Grove, the highwayman : being his death-bed confession, to the warden of the Massachusetts state prison (Harrington & Co., 1937).

  4. Alvis, Alexandra K. “If Books Could Kill: A Deadly Secret in the Cullman Library.” Unbound. August 20, 2018. https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2018/08/20/if-books-could-kill-a-deadly-secret-in-the-cullman-library

  5. “The Anthropodermic Book Project.” The Anthropodermic Book Project. Accessed December 22, 2023. https://anthropodermicbooks.org

  6. Bien, Laura. “In the Archives: Poison Pages.” Ann Arbor Chronicle. May 3, 2012. https://annarborchronicle.com/2012/05/03/in-the-archives-poison-pages

  7. Blakemore, Erin. “Step Into the Vatican’s Secret Archives.” History. March 18, 2021. https://www.history.com/news/step-into-the-vaticans-secret-archives

  8. “Boston Athenaeum Skin Book.” Atlas Obscura. June 15, 2010. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/boston-athenaeum-skin-book

  9. “The Codex Gigas.” ArcGIS StoryMaps. March 21, 2022. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/8a91d7f10fde4d49b48412eb4e5728c3

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  11. “The Codex Gigas (AKA The Devil’s Bible).” Binghamton University Library News. October 30, 2017. https://libnews.binghamton.edu/specialcollections/2017/10/30/the-codex-gigas-aka-the-devils-bible

  12. “The Devil’s Bible.” The Truth Behind. Season 1, Episode 6. Aired December 14, 2008.

  13. Ehrengardt, Thibault. “Who Skinned James Allen? The ‘Skin Book.’” Rare Book Hub. Accessed December 22, 2023. https://www.rarebookhub.com/articles/2157/print?page_id=4195

  14. Feldkamp, Katherine. “Death on the doorstep: arsenic in Victorian wallpaper.” St. Louis Art Museum. September 24, 2020. https://www.slam.org/blog/arsenic-in-victorian-wallpaper

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  16. Harlitz-Kern, Erika. “10 Things You Should Know About The Devil’s Bible (Or Codex Gigas).” Book Riot. July 15, 2015. https://bookriot.com/10-things-know-devils-bible

  17. Hawksley, Lucinda. Bitten By Witch Fever: Wallpaper & Arsenic in the Nineteenth-Century Home (Thames & Hudson, 2016).

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  19. Jennings, Jan. “Controlling Passion: The Turn-of-the-Century Wallpaper Dilemma.” Winterthur Portfolio 31(4), Winter 1996: pp. 243-264.

  20. Kedzie, Robert Clark. Shadows from the walls of death: facts and inferences prefacing a book of specimens of arsenical wall papers (W.S. George, 1874). 

  21. M., M. “That Book Bound in Human Skin.” In More Books: The Bulletin of the Boston Public Library, Sixth Series, Volume XIX (Trustees of the Boston Public Library, 1944). 

  22. “Magic and scribblings.” National Library of Sweden. Accessed December 22, 2023. https://www.kb.se/in-english/the-codex-gigas/content-of-the-codex-gigas/magic-and-scribblings.html

  23. Margaritoff, Marco. “The Story Of The Chronovisor, The Rumored Vatican Invention That Allows You To See The Past.” All That’s Interesting. August 15, 2023. https://allthatsinteresting.com/chronovisor

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  26. Morton, Ella. “Object of Intrigue: The Devil’s Bible.” Atlas Obscura. July 7, 2015. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/object-of-intrigue-the-devil-s-bible

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  29. Navarro, Hector. “The Curse of the Codex Gigas AKA The Devil’s Bible.” Factschology. Accessed December 22, 2023. https://factschology.com/mmm-podcast-articles/devils-bible-codex-gigas

  30. Neuman, Scott. “Pope Francis Decrees Name Change For Vatican Secret Archive.” NPR. October 29, 2019. https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774314852/pope-francis-decrees-name-change-for-vatican-secret-archive

  31. “Police Court.” Boston Post. January 17, 1934. https://www.newspapers.com/image/57565790

  32. Rosenbloom, Megan. Dark Archives: A Librarian's Investigation into the Science and History of Books Bound in Human Skin (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020).

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  34. Taggart, Emma. “The History of the Color Green: From a Poisonous Pigment to a Symbol of Environmentalism.” My Modern Met. June 16, 2020. https://mymodernmet.com/history-of-the-color-green

  35. “Toxicological Profile for Arsenic.” Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. August 2007. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp2.pdf

  36. “An unknown scribe.” National Library of Sweden. Accessed December 22, 2023. https://www.kb.se/in-english/the-codex-gigas/history-of-the-codex-gigas/an-unknown-scribe.html

  37. “Visiting the Codex Gigas (Devil's Bible) at the National Library of Sweden.” Strong Sense of Place. April 22, 2020. https://strongsenseofplace.com/2020/04/22/visiting-the-codex-gigas-devils-bible-at-national-library-of-sweden

  38. Vucic, Marija. “Codex Gigas: Myths Surrounding the Medieval Manuscript.” The Collector. October 5, 2021. https://www.thecollector.com/codex-gigas-medieval-manuscript

  39. Willey, David. “Vatican archive yields Templar secrets.” BBC News. October 15, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7044741.stm

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  41. Zawacki, Alexander J. “How a Library Handles a Rare and Deadly Book of Wallpaper Samples.” Atlas Obscura. January 23, 2018. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/shadows-from-the-walls-of-death-book

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  2. Collins, Derek. “Theoris of Lemnos and the Criminalization of Magic in Fourth-Century Athens.” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 2, 2001, pp. 477–93. 

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  5. Eidinow, Esther. “PATTERNS OF PERSECUTION: ‘WITCHCRAFT’ TRIALS IN CLASSICAL ATHENS.” Past & Present, no. 208, 2010, pp. 9–35.

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  9. “On Being a [Foreign] Woman in Classical Athens,” Classics, https://rfkclassics.blogspot.com/2018/03/on-being-foreign-woman-in-classical.html

  10. “Apuleius: A Wizard On Trial,” Press Books, https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/unromantest/chapter/chapter-1

  11. “MAGIC & THE LAW: APULEIUS’ APOLOGY,” University of British Columbia, https://blogs.ubc.ca/ancientmagic/2016/03/23/magic-the-law-apuleius-apology/#:~:text=He%20is%20accused%20of%20using,to%20court%20with%20these%20accusations

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  13. “Lucius Apuleius,” Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lucius-Apuleius

  14. Hunink, Vincent. “The Enigmatic Lady Pudentilla.” The American Journal of Philology, vol. 119, no. 2, 1998, pp. 275–91.

  15. “Four Ways to Love: How the Ancient Greeks Used Magic to Fulfill Hopes, Dreams, and Desires,” Ancient Origins, February 3, 2017, https://www.ancient-origins.net/history/four-ways-love-how-ancient-greeks-used-magic-fulfil-hopes-dreams-and-desires-007482

  16. FOWLER, ROBERT L. “Greek Magic, Greek Religion.” Illinois Classical Studies, vol. 20, 1995, pp. 1–22.

  17. “EXPANDED: THE ANNALS OF TACITUS & THE DEPICTION OF THE WITCH,” University of British Columbia, https://blogs.ubc.ca/ancientmagic/2016/03/30/expanded-the-annals-of-tacitus-the-depiction-of-the-witch/#more-177

  18. Luck Georg. Arcana Mundi : Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds : A Collection of Ancient Texts. 2nd ed 2nd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press 2006.

  19. “Magic in Ancient Greece,” World History Encyclopedia, July 26, 2016, https://www.worldhistory.org/article/926/magic-in-ancient-greece

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  21. “The Allure of Curses and Magic in Ancient Greece,” Hellenic, October 7, 2021, https://www.hellenic.org.au/post/the-allure-of-curses-and-magic-in-ancient-greece

  22. “Magic in Ancient Greece: Necromancy, Curses, Love Spells, and Oracles,” Ancient Origins, January 11, 2017, https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-ancient-traditions/magic-ancient-greece-necromancy-curses-love-spells-and-oracles-007348

  23. “A Guide to Ancient Magic,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 22, 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/guide-ancient-magic-180960129

  24. Spaeth, Barbette Stanley, 'From Goddess to Hag: The Greek and the Roman Witch in Classical Literature', in Kimberly B. Stratton, and Dayna S. Kalleres (eds), Daughters of Hecate: Women and Magic in the Ancient World (2014; online edn, Oxford Academic, 23 Oct. 2014).

  25. “Medea,” Mythopedia, November 29, 2022, https://mythopedia.com/topics/medea

  26. “Everything You Need To Know About Hecate (Maiden, Mother, Crone),” The Collector, June 27, 2021, https://www.thecollector.com/hecate-goddess-magic-witchcraft/

  27. Envy Poison and Death : Women on Trial in Classical Athens. First edition First ed. Oxford University Press 2016.

  28. “Britain's 'last witch': Campaign to pardon Helen Duncan,” BBC News, June 15, 2012, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-18456106

  29. “WHICH WITCH(CRAFT ACT) IS WHICH?,” UK Parliament, October 28, 2020, https://archives.blog.parliament.uk/2020/10/28/which-witchcraft-act-is-which/

  30. “Helen Duncan, Scotland’s Last Witch,” Historic UK, https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/Helen-Duncan-Scotlands-last-witch

  31. “Possessing Her Audience: The Séances of Helen Duncan and the Power of the Female Medium,” University of Leeds, September 13, 2019, https://livingwithdying.leeds.ac.uk/2019/09/13/possessing-her-audience-the-seances-of-helen-duncan-and-the-power-of-the-female-medium

  32. “HERE'S WHY A MEDIUM WAS JAILED UNDER THE WITCHCRAFT ACT DURING WWII,” Grunge, March 31, 2022, https://www.grunge.com/817086/heres-why-a-medium-was-jailed-under-the-witchcraft-act-during-wwii

  33. “Conjuring up the dead: Helen Duncan and her ectoplasm spirits,” History Extra, October 31, 2018, https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/helen-duncan-scotland-witch-ectoplasm-spirits

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  37. “‘Absolute tomfoolery’: the colourful story of Britain’s last witch trial,” Irish Independent, October 18, 2023, https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/book-reviews/absolute-tomfoolery-the-colourful-story-of-britains-last-witch-trial/a1230147517.html

  38. “Curious and Unusual Spells from the Greek Magical Papyri,” Ancient Origins, April 8, 2022, https://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-ancient-writings/greek-magical-papyri-0016618

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  40. Homer and Alexander Pope. The Odyssey. Ktoczyta.Pl 2019.

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  42. Apuleius Apuleius. The Golden Asse - the Original Classic Edition. Emereo Pub 2012.

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  44. “The Odd Treason Trial Of Marcus Scribonius Libo Drusus During The Reign Of Emperor Tiberius,” The Historian’s Hut, June 9, 2018, https://thehistorianshut.com/2018/06/09/the-odd-treason-trial-of-marcus-scribonius-libo-drusus-during-the-reign-of-emperor-tiberius

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  2. Ashton, John. “Suss. per Coll.” The Gentlemen’s Magazine CCLXII, January to June 1887: pp. 48-57.

  3. Brown, Alan N. Unexplained South: The Underwater Forest of Alabama, Inexplicable Lights Over Texas, the Red-Eyed Monster of Arkansas and More Rich Southern Mystery (History Press, 2023).

  4. Butler, James Davie. “British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies.” The American Historical Review 2(1), October 1896: pp. 12-33.

  5. “Celebrating Old Man's Day.” BBC. October 2, 2008. https://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/content/articles/2008/09/29/old_mans_day_feature.shtml 

  6. Clark, Richard. “The ‘Half Hanged’ - surviving execution.” Capital Punishment U.K. Accessed December 12, 2023. https://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/contents.html 

  7. Clarke, R.J. “The land of the ‘free’: Criminal transportation to America.” The History Press. Accessed December 12, 2023. https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/the-land-of-the-free-criminal-transportation-to-america/ 

  8. Davies, A.R. “Grave Brambling.” Parish Magazine 26(9), October 1939: p. 149. https://www.escrickheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/2021.25.27.pdf 

  9. Good, Meaghan. “1650: Not Anne Greene, miraculously delivered.” ExecutedToday.com. December 14, 2017. https://www.executedtoday.com/2017/12/14/1650-not-anne-greene-miraculously-delivered/ 

  10. Hart, Robert. “The Legend of Julia Legare.” Edisto Beach. Accessed December 12, 2023. https://edistobeach.com/the-legend-of-julia-legare/ 

  11. Hughes, Trevor J. “Miraculous deliverance of Anne Green: an Oxford case of resuscitation in the seventeenth century.” British Medical Journal 285, December 1982: pp. 18-25. https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/285/6357/1792.full.pdf 

  12. Hurren, Elizabeth. “Surviving the gallows: the Georgian hangings that didn't go to plan.” History Extra. December 4, 2020. https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/surviving-gallows-hangings-that-didnt-go-plan/ 

  13. “Inside the Julia Legare Tomb.” Stories in the Cemetery. January 10, 2020. https://storiesinthecemetery.com/2020/01/10/inside-the-julia-legare-tomb/ 

  14. “Julia Georgiana Seabrook Legare.” Find a Grave. Accessed December 12, 2023. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/65651815/julia-georgiana-legare

  15. Lyons, Mathew. “An Oxford Resurrection.” History Today. December 12, 2021. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/oxford-resurrection

  16. Mandelbrote, Scott. “William Petty and Anne Greene: Medical and Political Reform in Commonwealth Oxford.” In The Practice of Reform in Health, Medicine, and Science, 1500–2000: Essays for Charles Webster, ed. Margaret Pelling and Scott Mandelbrote (Taylor & Francis, 2017).

  17. May, Adam. “The bizarre Hertfordshire phenomenon known as Old Man’s Day.” HertsLive. December 12, 2020. https://www.hertfordshiremercury.co.uk/news/hertfordshire-news/bizarre-hertfordshire-phenomenon-known-old-4778519

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  23. Samuelson-Brown, Randi. “The Casket Girls and Vampires of New Orleans.” Folklore Thursday. 10/29/2020. https://folklorethursday.com/halloween/the-casket-girls-and-vampires-of-new-orleans

  24. Smith, Liz Genest. “What Are the Casket Girls: Founding Matriarchs or Vampire Smugglers?”. GONOLA. 8/27/2018. https://gonola.com/things-to-do-in-new-orleans/casket-girls-of-new-orleans

  25. “Strigoi”. Vampire Facts. http://www.vampirefacts.net/famous-vampires/strigoi

  26. Tristan, “The Legend of Count Estruch, Europe’s First Vampire Story”. Bizarre and Grotesque. 10/23/2016. https://bizarreandgrotesque.com/2016/10/23/the-legend-of-count-estruch-europes-first-vampire-story/comment-page-1

  27. Venière, Samuel. "Population Settlement of New France". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 12/19/2021. Historica Canada. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peuplement-de-la-nouvelle-france

  28. Wilson, Katharina M. “The History of the Word ‘Vampire’”. Journal of the History of Ideas 46, n. 4 (Oct-Dec 1985), pp. 577-583.

  29. Wilson, Karina. “Decomposing Bodies in the 1720s Gave Birth to the First Vampire Panic.” Smithsonian Magazine. 10/23/2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/decomposing-bodies-1720s-gave-birth-first-vampire-panic-180976097

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  2. Árnason, Jón (trans. George J. Powell and Eiríkr Magnússon). Icelandic Legends (Longmans, 1866).

  3. Atsma, Aaron J. “Ikhthyokentauroi.” Theoi Project. Accessed July 14, 2023. https://www.theoi.com/Pontios/Ikhthyokentauroi.html

  4. Ault, Alicia. “Renaissance Europe Was Horrified by Reports of a Sea Monster That Looked Like a Monk Wearing Fish Scales.” Smithsonian Magazine. October 25, 2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/reports-sea-monster-looked-like-monk-wearing-fish-scales-horrified-renaissance-europe-180960885

  5. Bane, Theresa. Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore (McFarland, 2016).

  6. Boran, Elizabethanne. “The Sea Bishop.” Mythical Creatures at the Edward Worth Library. Accessed July 14, 2023. https://mythicalcreatures.edwardworthlibrary.ie/sea-creatures/sea-bishop

  7. Boran, Elizabethanne. “The Sea Monk.” Mythical Creatures at the Edward Worth Library. Accessed July 14, 2023. https://mythicalcreatures.edwardworthlibrary.ie/sea-creatures/sea-monk

  8. “Conrad Gessner.” Centre for Renaissance and Reformation Studies. Accessed July 14, 2023. https://crrs.library.utoronto.ca/exhibits/show/crrs-natural-history-books/gessner

  9. Fitzhugh, William W. Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982).

  10. Franklin, James L. “Steller’s Sea eagle: Who was Georg Wilhelm Steller?” Hektoen International. Winter 2023. https://hekint.org/2023/02/02/stellers-sea-eagle-who-was-georg-wilhelm-steller

  11. Frost, Natasha. “Remembering the ‘Saurian Monster’ That Terrorized 1880s New Zealand.” Atlas Obscura. May 23, 2018. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/saurian-monster-new-zealand

  12. “Gaping Crowd Watches Sea Monster At Wasaga.” The Daily Sun-Times. June 3, 1938. https://www.newspapers.com/image/727549284

  13. Garry, Jane and Hasan El-Shamy (eds.). Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature: A Handbook (M.E. Sharpe, 2005). 

  14. Gessner, Conrad. Nomenclator aquatilium animantium (E Typographeio Iohannis Lancelotti, 1606).

  15. Heddle, Donna. “Selkies, Sex, and the Supernatural.” The Bottle Imp 20. November 2016. https://www.thebottleimp.org.uk/2016/12/selkies-sex-and-the-supernatural

  16. Hendrikx, Sophia. “Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner’s (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters.” Anthropozoologica 53(11), August 3 2018: pp. 125-137. https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/az2018v53f2a11.pdf

  17. Jenness, Diamond. “Stray Notes on the Eskimo of Arctic Alaska.” Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 1(2), May 1953: pp. 5-13. https://www.uaf.edu/apua/files/Jenness1953May.pdf

  18. Keane, Basil. “Taniwha.” Te Ara—The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. September 24, 2007. https://teara.govt.nz/en/taniwha

  19. “Kópakonan (Seal Woman).” The Faroe Islands. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://old.visitfaroeislands.com/en/be-inspired/in-depth-articles/legend-of-kopakonan-(seal-woman)

  20. “Last evening (Wednesday).” The Waikato Times. December 10, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/941327885

  21. Mackal, Roy P. Searching for Hidden Animals: An Inquiry into Zoological Mysteries (Doubleday & Company, 1980). 

  22. Mackenzie, Louisa. “French Early Modern Sea-Monsters and Modern Identities, Via Bruno Latour.” In Animals and Early Modern Identity, ed. Pia Cueno (Ashgate, 2014). 

  23. “Man-seal.” Encyclopedia of Cryptozoology. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://cryptidarchives.fandom.com/wiki/Man-seal

  24. McEntire, Nancy Cassell. “Supernatural Beings in the Far North: Folklore, Folk Belief, and the Selkie.” Scottish Studies 35, 2010: pp. 120-143. http://journals.ed.ac.uk/ScottishStudies/article/view/2692/3791

  25. Nelson, Edward William. The Eskimo About Bering Strait (Government Printing Office, 1900).

  26. Nickell, Joe. “Steller’s Sea Ape:  Identifying an Eighteenth-Century Cryptid.” Skeptical Briefs 26(4). April 24, 2017. https://skepticalinquirer.org/newsletter/stellers-sea-ape-identifying-an-eighteenth-century-cryptid

  27. Nosowitz, Dan. “Shipwrecks, Scurvy and Sea Otters: The Tale of the First European in Alaska.” Atlas Obscura. April 24, 2015. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/naturalist-georg-wilhelm-steller

  28. “Pierre Belon’s Sea Creatures.” Paws, Hooves, Fins & Feathers. Accessed July 14, 2023. https://digital-exhibits.library.nd.edu/717b14e1a3/paws-hooves-fins--feathers/showcases/959c729af5/pierre-belons-sea-creatures

  29. Pinon, Laurent. “Conrad Gessner and the Historical Depth of Renaissance Natural History.” In Historia: Empiricism and Erudition in Early Modern Europe, ed. Gianna Pomata & Nancy G. Siraisi (MIT Press, 2005).

  30. Rainbolt, Dawn. “Selkies: Irish Myths and Legends Part 4.” Wilderness Ireland. March 24, 2020. https://www.wildernessireland.com/blog/irish-myths-legends-part-4-selkies

  31. Rogers, Kara. “Georg W. Steller.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georg-W-Steller

  32. Sack, Harald. “Conrad Gessner’s Truly Renaissance Knowledge.” SciHi Blog. March 26, 2023. http://scihi.org/conrad-gessners-renaissance-knowledge

  33. “The Saurian Monster.” Aukland Star. October 29, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/933888657

  34. “The ‘Saurian’ Monster.” Aukland Star. December 6, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/933887457

  35. “The Saurian Monster.” New Zealand Herald. October 1, 1886. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18861001.2.26

  36. “The ‘Saurian Monster.” The Waikato Times. December 3, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/941327583

  37. “The ‘Saurian Monster.’” The Wanganui Herald. November 1, 1886. https://www.newspapers.com/image/928701724

  38. “Saurian Monster Captured.” The Taranaki Herald. November 26, 1886. https://www.newspapers.com/image/882210165

  39. Scott, Michon. “Conrad Gesner.” Strange Science. September 25, 2022. https://www.strangescience.net/gesner.htm

  40. “The Seal’s Skin.” The Viking Rune. Accessed June 15, 2023. http://www.vikingrune.com/selkies-folktale

  41. “‘Slim the Whittler’ Has No Fear of Seal-Like Monster.” The Windsor Star. June 6, 1938. https://www.newspapers.com/image/501146384

  42. Smeeton, Miles. The Misty Islands: Sailing the High Latitudes in Tzu Hang (McKay, 1978).

  43. Steller, Georg Wilhelm (trans. Orcutt William Frost). Journal of a Voyage with Bering, 1741-1742 (Stanford University Press, 1988).

  44. Thaler, Andrew. “The Secret History Behind Steller’s Sea Ape.” The Portalist. October 19, 2016. https://theportalist.com/the-secret-history-behind-stellers-sea-ape

  45. Thaler, Andrew. “Unraveling the mysteries of Steller’s Sea Ape.” Southern Fried Science. October 4, 2011. https://www.southernfriedscience.com/unraveling-the-mysteries-of-stellars-sea-ape

  46. Towrie, Sigurd. “The origin of the selkie-folk.” Orkneyjar. Accessed July 15, 2023. http://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/selkiefolk/selorig.htm

  47. Towrie, Sigurd. “The Selkie-folk.” Orkneyjar. Accessed July 15, 2023. http://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/selkiefolk/index.html

  48. Various Authors. Folktales of Water Spirits, Kelpies, and Selkies (Read Books Limited, 2010).

  49. “The Waikato Saurian Monster.” Wanganui Chronicle. October 28, 1886. https://www.newspapers.com/image/883924400

  50. “The Waikato Saurian Monster.” The Wanganui Herald. November 8, 1887. https://www.newspapers.com/image/928796493

  51. “The Waikato Wonder.” Southland Times. October 27, 1886. https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ST18861027.2.8

  52. “The Woman and the Sealskin.” Icelandic Folktales. Accessed July 15, 2023. https://icelandicfolktales.com/the-woman-and-the-sealskin

Sources from Legends 18

  1. “The Role of Witch's Cake in Salem,” ThoughtCo., March 11, 2021, https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-witchs-cake-3528206

  2. “7 Bizarre Witch Trial Tests,” History.com, July, 18, 2014, https://www.history.com/news/7-bizarre-witch-trial-tests

  3. “Remembering ‘Witch Cakes,’ the Evil-Fighting Baked Goods of the 1600s,” Atlas Obscura, October 21, 2021, https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-witch-cakes

  4. “7 Bizarre Witch Tests That Were Basically Impossible To Pass,” All That’s Interesting, December 3, 2020, https://allthatsinteresting.com/witch-tests/2

  5. “A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials,” Smithsonian Magazine, October 24, 2022, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-the-salem-witch-trials-175162489/

  6. “Mother Ludlam’s Cave,” Mysterious Britain & Ireland, July 11, 2015, https://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/ancient-sites/wells/mother-ludlams-cave/

  7. “Pagan Eye: The Entrance to Mother Ludlam's Cave,” A Bad Witch, December 14, 2020, http://www.badwitch.co.uk/2020/12/pagan-eye-entrance-to-mother-ludlams.html

  8. “The Strange Cauldron of Frensham Church, a White Witch & the Devil,” David Castleton, August 1, 2020, https://www.davidcastleton.net/cauldron-frensham-church-mother-ludlams-cave/

  9. “Mother Ludlam’s Cave – The place where the Devil stole a cauldron from the white witch,” The Vintage News, December 9, 2016, https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/12/09/mother-ludlams-cave-the-place-where-the-devil-stole-a-cauldron-from-the-white-witch/?chrome=1

  10. “About: Mother Ludlam's Cave,” DBpedia, https://dbpedia.org/page/Mother_Ludlam%27s_Cave

  11. “THE CAULDRON AND THE CAVE,” A Life of Ley Hunting, https://web.archive.org/web/20120207015149/http://www.leyhunt.fsnet.co.uk/lhunt87.htm

  12. “Why Are Old Women Often The Face Of Evil In Fairy Tales And Folklore?,” NPR, October 28, 2015, https://www.npr.org/2015/10/28/450657717/why-are-old-women-often-the-face-of-evil-in-fairy-tales-and-folklore

  13. White, Ethan Doyle. “Devil’s Stones and Midnight Rites: Megaliths, Folklore, and Contemporary Pagan Witchcraft.” Folklore, vol. 125, no. 1, 2014, pp. 60–79.

  14. “The Legend of Mother Ludlam, Surrey Witch,” Historic UK, https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/The-Legend-of-Mother-Ludlam-Surrey-Witch/

  15. “How Witches’ Brews Helped Bring Modern Drugs to Market,” Smithsonian Magazine, October 31, 2014, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-witches-brews-helped-bring-modern-drugs-market-180953202/

  16. “Concubines, Cats, and Cauldrons,” Medium, September 4, 2021, https://medium.com/an-idea/concubines-of-the-devil-cauldrons-and-other-witchy-things-history-of-the-witch-722b05fc4b21

  17. “he Mysterious Case of the Witch Bottle,” The Historic England Blog, October 31, 2016, https://heritagecalling.com/2016/10/31/the-mysterious-case-of-the-witch-bottle/

  18. “Lost Soles: When Concealed Shoes Kept Witches Away,” Mental Floss, September 29, 2023, https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/concealed-shoes-ward-off-witches

  19. “The Cult of Sir John Schorne at Binham,” Binham Priory, https://binhampriory.org/history-2/articles-documents-registers-burial-memorials/cult-of-sir-john-schorne/

  20. “Weird Witch Bottles, Historic Efforts to Ward Off Evil Spells and Witchcraft,” Ancient Origins, February 6, 2016, https://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-other-artifacts/weird-witch-bottles-historic-efforts-ward-evil-spells-and-witchcraft-020734

  21. “Off the Spice Rack: The Story of Salt,” History.com, May 16, 2023, https://www.history.com/news/off-the-spice-rack-the-story-of-salt

  22. “History of Witches,” History.com, September 26, 2023, https://www.history.com/topics/folklore/history-of-witches

Sources from Lore 244

  1. “Einhard and the Sacred Relics: A Forgotten Story of the ‘Dark Ages.’” Conciliar Post. December 10, 2018. https://conciliarpost.com/lives-of-saints/einhard-and-the-sacred-relics-a-forgotten-story-of-the-dark-ages

  2. “How Space Burials Work: Cost & How to Plan.” Cake. September 3, 2022. https://www.joincake.com/blog/how-space-burials-work/

  3. “Memorial Spaceflights.” Celestis. https://www.celestis.com/

  4. “St. Anthony’s 800-Year-Old Tongue is Touring NYC.” Atlas Obscura. December 11, 2013. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/an-800-year-old-tongue-tours-new-york-st-anthony-s-relics-on-the-anniversary-of-their-discovery

  5. “The Business of Bones: Relic Trafficking in the Middle Ages.” Atlas Obscura. April 13, 2015. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/a-business-of-bones-relic-trafficking-in-the-middle-ages

  6. “The history of the translation of the blessed martyrs of Christ, Marcellinus and Peter.” Internet Archive. https://archive.org/stream/MN5140ucmf_5/MN5140ucmf_5_djvu.txt

  7. “The Solidarity of Martyrs.” Current Affairs. May 20, 2021. https://www.currentaffairs.org/2021/05/the-solidarity-of-martyr

  8. “The Thief's Arm at Kostel Sv. Jakuba Vetsiho.” Atlas Obscura. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/thief-s-arm-kostel-sv-jakuba-vetsiho

  9. “The World’s Grossest Catholic Relics.” History Collection. January 29, 2019. https://historycollection.com/worlds-grossest-catholic-relics

  10. “This Church Has a 400 Year Old Mummified Arm Hanging Inside.” uCatholic. November 8, 2021. https://ucatholic.com/blog/this-church-has-a-400-year-old-mummified-arm-hanging-inside

  11. “Top 10 Weird Christian Relics.” Daily Art. October 17, 2022. https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/top-10-christian-weird-relics

  12. “When Monks Went Undercover to Steal Relics.” JSTOR Daily. April 16, 2020. https://daily.jstor.org/when-monks-went-undercover-to-steal-relics

Sources from Legends 17

  1. “The world's oldest bridge is being preserved in Iraq,” British Museum, April 2018, https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/worlds-oldest-bridge-being-preserved-iraq

  2. “418 E. Main Street.” Google Maps. Accessed June 27, 2023. https://www.google.com/maps/@35.9972287,-79.925383,3a,75y,39.06h,76.43t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s9R8AoSM_mHF_YjvrBFMoLQ!2e0!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu

  3. Abramovich, Chad. “Emily’s Bridge?” Obscure Vermont. October 20, 2012. https://urbanpostmortem.wordpress.com/2012/10/20/emilys-bridge/

  4. Agan, Kelly. “Lydia: The Ghost of Jamestown Bridge.” NCpedia. February 12, 2019. https://www.ncpedia.org/lydia-ghost-jamestown-bridge

  5. Anderson, Jon. “There's more than just corn in Indiana…There’s ghost too!” This Is Indiana.  October 16, 2013. https://thisisindiana.angelfire.com/indianahauntings.htm

  6. Andrews, Evan. “How London Bridge Ended Up In Arizona.” History. May 16, 2023. https://www.history.com/news/how-london-bridge-ended-up-in-arizona

  7. “Arizona’s London Bridge.” Phoenix Ghosts. Accessed June 27, 2023. https://phoenixghosts.com/arizonas-london-bridge/

  8. Baker, Ronald L. Hoosier Folk Legends (Indiana University Press, 1984). 

  9. Bethel, Ericka. “The Legend of the Avon Haunted Bridge.” Visit Hendricks County. August 30, 2022. https://www.visithendrickscounty.com/blog/post/the-legend-of-the-avon-haunted-bridge-6286/

  10. Bradley, Daniel. “The legend of Avon's Haunted Bridge continues after 115 years.” WRTV Indianapolis. October 30, 2021. https://www.wrtv.com/news/local-news/hendricks-county/avon/the-legend-of-avons-haunted-bridge-continues-after-115-years

  11. Brown, Matt. “Londonist Sleeps In A Haunted Plague Pit.” Londonist. December 18, 2007. https://londonist.com/2007/12/londonist_sleep

  12. Burgess, Nathan. “The exorcism of Emily’s Bridge.” Stowe Reporter. December 31, 2015. https://www.vtcng.com/stowe_reporter/news/the-exorcism-of-emily-s-bridge/article_d3089854-e3e7-11e2-8632-0019bb2963f4.html

  13. “Buried Alive: The Horror of Indiana’s Haunted Avon Bridge.” OrangeBean Indiana. December 21, 2018. https://orangebeanindiana.com/2018/12/21/buried-alive-the-horror-of-indianas-haunted-avon-bridge/

  14. Criscuolo, Nina. “Avon’s Haunted Bridge: The truth behind the tales.” WISH. October 27, 2017. https://www.wishtv.com/news/avons-haunted-bridge-the-truth-behind-the-tales/

  15. “Do you believe in Ghost? | Haunted Bridge in Avon, Indiana.” Matt’s Big Dream. April 4, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXuVmT-sb0k

  16. “Emily’s Bridge.” Atlas Obscura. May 23, 2012. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/emilys-bridge

  17. “Emily’s Covered Bridge Stowe, VT.” Stowe County Homes. Accessed June 27, 2023. https://stowecountryhomes.com/attractions/emilys-covered-bridge-stowe-vt/

  18. “Experience London’s Most Iconic Bridge.” The London Bridge Experience. Accessed June 27, 2023. https://thelondonbridgeexperience.com/

  19. “Fatal Auto Accident On High Point Road.” The Greensboro Patriot. June 21, 1920. https://gateway.uncg.edu/islandora/object/newspapers:1072

  20. “Festive Ceremonies On London Bridge.” Casa Grande Dispatch. October 11, 1971. https://www.newspapers.com/image/13447593/

  21. “Ghosts of London Bridge.” Weird U.S. Accessed June 27, 2023. http://www.weirdus.com/states/arizona/ghosts/london_bridge/index.php

  22. Grimes, Kristin. “There’s A Nightmarish Story Behind This Haunted Bridge In Vermont.” Only In Your State. August 18, 2016. https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/vermont/haunted-bridge-vt/

  23. King, Dominique. “Mysteries of the twin bridges in Danville, Indiana.” Midwest Guest. April 25, 2013. https://www.midwestguest.com/2013/04/mysteries-of-the-twin-bridges-in-danville-indiana.html

  24. Koenenn, Connie. “London Bridge dedicated with American style.” Arizona Republic. October 11, 1971. https://www.newspapers.com/image/118195378/

  25. Leah, Heather. “Solved: Haunted legend of Lydia's Bridge ghostly hitchhiker has roots in real history.” WRAL News. October 10, 2021. https://www.wral.com/story/solved-haunted-legend-of-lydias-bridge-ghostly-hitchhiker-has-roots-in-real-history/19918427/

  26. “London Bridge.” Ghost Adventures. Season 20, Episode 10. Aired April 30, 2020.

  27. “The London Bridge.” Go Lake Havasu. Accessed June 27, 2023. https://www.golakehavasu.com/london-bridge

  28. McDowell, Ian. “Ghost girl hitchhiking: Has ‘Lydia’ been found?” Yes! Weekly. June 6, 2018. https://www.yesweekly.com/news/ghost-girl-hitchhiking-has-lydia-been-found/article_69394d3e-ba23-50ce-a008-ac0c11a21ea9.html

  29. Quinn, Shannon. “Thousands Died From the Black Death in 1666, Leaving Behind Haunted Plague Pits in London.” History Collection. November 2, 2018. https://historycollection.com/thousands-died-from-the-black-death-in-1666-leaving-behind-haunted-plague-pits-in-london/

  30. Russell, Davy. “A Haunting Experience On Emily’s Bridge — Stowe, Vermont.” Xpara Investigations. February 5, 2017. https://medium.com/xpara-investigations/a-haunting-experience-on-emilys-bridge-stowe-vermont-c1b0adb73aed

  31. “‘Spooky skeletons’ scare builders.” BBC News. October 31, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7072188.stm

  32. “Stowe, VT Travel Guide.” U.S. News & World Report. Accessed June 27, 2023. https://travel.usnews.com/Stowe_VT

  33. Sutton, Laura E. “Lydia Lives at the Jamestown Bridge: A ‘Vanishing Hitchhiker’ in North Carolina.” North Carolina Folklore Journal 47(2). Midwinter 2000: pp. 119-134.

  34. “Triple Arch Cement Bridge.” The Indianapolis News. June 27, 1907. https://www.newspapers.com/image/37279042/

  35. “Vermont’s Covered Bridges.” Vermont Vacation. Accessed June 27, 2023. https://www.vermontvacation.com/things-to-do/arts-and-heritage/covered-bridges

  36. “What is the story of the haunted Avon Bridge in Indiana?” Dangerousroads.org. Accessed June 27, 2023. https://www.dangerousroads.org/north-america/usa/4918-avon-bridge.html

Sources from Lore 243

  1. “How the ‘Blood Feud’ Between Coke and Pepsi Escalated During the 1980s Cola Wars,” History.com, June 2019, https://www.history.com/news/cola-wars-pepsi-new-coke-failure

  2. Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centers and Peripheries, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993).

  3. Georgina Dopico Perfect Wives, Other Women: Adultery and Inquisition in Early Modern Spain, (Durham: Duke UP, 2001).

  4. Alonso De Salazar Frias, The Salazar Documents: Inquisitor Alonso De Salazar Frias and Others on the Basque Witch Persecution. Ed. Gustav Henningsen, (Boston: Brill, 2004). 

  5. Henningsen, Gustav. "The Greatest Witch-Trial of All: Navarre, 1609-1614." History  Today Nov. 1980.

  6. Gustav Henningsen, The Witches' Advocate: Basque Witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition, 1609-1614, (Reno: U of Nevada, 1980). 

  7. Gunnar W. Knutsen, Servants of Satan and Masters of Demons: The Spanish Inquisition's Trials for Superstition, Valencia and Barcelona, 1478-1700, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2009). 

  8. Brian P. Levack, The Witchcraft Sourcebook, (London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2004). 

  9. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe, (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2016). 

  10. Derek W. Lomax, The Reconquest of Spain, (London: Longman, 1978). 

  11. Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain, (Boston: Little, Brown, 2002). 

  12. William D. Phillips and Carla Rahn Phillips, A Concise History of Spain, (Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge UP, 2016). 

  13. Maria Tausiet and Susannah Howe, Urban Magic in Early Modern Spain: Abracadabra Omnipotens, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.) 

  14. Paddy Woodworth, The Basque Country: A Cultural History, (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007). 

  15. Gary K. Waite,  Heresy, Magic, and Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe, (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

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  17. “Visit the Site of the Biggest Witch Trial in History,” Smithsonian Magazine, September 14, 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/visit-site-biggest-witch-trial-history-180959946/

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